It's evening. The baby is screaming. You've nursed, changed the diaper, rocked, sung, and carried — but nothing helps. Hour after hour of intense crying that no comfort seems to soothe. If this sounds familiar, you're not alone. Colic affects up to 20% of all infants, and it's one of the most exhausting experiences new parents can go through.
The good news? Colic is harmless and resolves on its own. But that doesn't mean it's easy to endure. Here's a thorough guide to what colic is, what can help, and — perhaps most importantly — how to take care of yourself during a demanding period.
What Is Colic?
Colic is prolonged and intense crying in an otherwise healthy and well-fed baby. It's not a disease, but a pattern of inconsolable crying that typically starts in the first weeks of life and disappears on its own after a few months.
According to pediatric guidelines, colic affects 10–20% of all infants. It occurs equally in boys and girls, and equally in breastfed and formula-fed babies.
Wessel's Criteria — The Medical Definition
The classic definition of colic is based on Wessel's criteria (also called the "rule of three"):
- At least 3 hours of crying per day
- At least 3 days per week
- For at least 1 week in an otherwise healthy infant
In newer medical practice, the Rome IV criteria are also used, placing more emphasis on the crying being inconsolable and without apparent cause, without strict requirements for hours and days.
Colic occurs in about 10–20% of all infants. It is equally common in boys and girls, and equally common in breastfed and formula-fed babies. Colic is not a sign of illness.
Typical Course
- Start: Colic usually begins at 2–3 weeks of age
- Peak: Crying is often at its worst around 6–8 weeks of age
- End: Most babies are symptom-free by 3–4 months of age. In about 90%, the colic resolves within 12 weeks
The crying typically comes in the afternoon and evening, often during the same time period each day. The baby may clench their fists, pull their legs up to their stomach, and have a red or tense facial expression.
Symptoms of Colic
How does colic differ from normal baby crying? All babies cry, but colic has some distinct characteristics:
- Intense, loud crying that is difficult to console
- Predictable pattern — often at the same time each day, typically late afternoon or evening
- Facial redness — the baby may turn dark red
- Tense body — clenched fists, stiff legs, arched back
- Pulling legs up toward the stomach
- Lots of gas — the baby may pass a lot of wind
- Duration — crying episodes typically last 1–3 hours at a time
- Normal between episodes — the baby eats well, gains weight, and is content
Between crying episodes, colicky babies are just like other babies. This is precisely what distinguishes colic from other conditions — the baby is healthy and in good shape the rest of the day.
Causes of Colic
There is no definitive explanation for why some babies develop colic. Research points to several possible factors, and it's likely a combination of causes.
Immature Digestive System
The most widespread theory is that the baby's digestive system is not yet fully developed. The gut's muscles and nervous system are immature, which can cause cramps, gas pain, and discomfort.
Developing Gut Flora
Newer research suggests that differences in gut flora may play a role. Babies with colic have in some studies shown a different composition of gut bacteria than babies without colic.
Overstimulation
Some experts believe colic may be linked to overstimulation. The baby takes in enormous amounts of sensory input during the day, and by evening it can become too much. The crying may be a way to "discharge."
Cow's Milk Protein Allergy
In a minority of babies (estimated 2–5%), colic-like symptoms may be caused by cow's milk protein allergy. This is important to consider if the baby also has other symptoms such as skin rash, blood in stool, or vomiting.
Tobacco Exposure
Smoking during pregnancy and secondhand smoke after birth increase the risk of colic. This is one of the few documented risk factors.
What Probably Does NOT Cause Colic
- It's not the parents' fault — colic is not about poor care
- It's not that the baby is in pain in the medical sense (even though it may look that way)
- It's not a sign of illness in an otherwise healthy baby
What Helps With Colic?
There is no miracle cure for colic, but many parents find that a combination of approaches can provide relief. Experiment — what works for one baby may not work for another.
Carrying and Body Contact
Close body contact is one of the most effective things you can do. Carry the baby in a carrier or wrap, walk around with the baby in your arms, or hold the baby skin to skin. Many babies are soothed by steady movement and closeness.
The colic hold (airplane hold): Place the baby tummy-down over your forearm, with the head in your palm and legs on either side of your elbow. Many colicky babies find relief in this hold, which provides gentle pressure against the stomach. Always hold firmly.
White Noise and Calming Sounds
Steady, monotonous sounds can be soothing. Try:
- Vacuum cleaner or washing machine sound
- A white noise app
- A calm "ssshhh" sound near the baby's ear
- Running water
Proper Feeding Position and Burping
Make sure the baby has a good latch during breastfeeding to avoid swallowing too much air. Take breaks during feeding to burp the baby. When using formula, an anti-colic bottle can help.
Burp your baby after every feeding. Hold the baby upright against your shoulder and gently pat the back. Also try holding the baby sitting in your lap with support under the chin.
Tummy Trouble Relief
- Gentle tummy massage — move your hands clockwise around the baby's stomach
- Bicycle legs — lay the baby on their back and gently move the legs as if cycling
- Warmth — a lukewarm bath or a warm (not hot!) cloth against the stomach can soothe
- Swaddling — some babies need the secure feeling of being wrapped up. Stop swaddling when the baby begins to roll, usually around 2–3 months
Reducing Sensory Input
Try to create a calm environment. Dim lights, reduce noise, and avoid too many visitors during the period when the baby is most fussy. Many colicky babies benefit from predictable routines.
Create a "colic toolkit": Find 3–4 techniques that sometimes work and rotate between them. When one doesn't work, switch to the next. Some evenings nothing will help — and that's also normal.
Dietary Changes for Mom (When Breastfeeding)
If the baby is breastfed, it may in some cases help for the mother to eliminate dairy products from her diet for 1–2 weeks to see if there's improvement. This should be done in consultation with your pediatrician or doctor. It is only when cow's milk protein allergy is confirmed that an elimination diet is necessary.
What About Simethicone and Other Remedies?
When the baby screams evening after evening, it's tempting to look for something that works. Here's what the research says about the most common remedies.
Simethicone (Gas Drops)
Simethicone is one of the most commonly used colic remedies. It breaks up gas bubbles in the stomach and is safe for babies. However, studies show limited effectiveness compared to placebo. Some parents find it helps, while others notice no difference. It's safe to try, but don't expect miracle results.
Probiotics (Lactobacillus reuteri)
Some studies suggest that the probiotic strain Lactobacillus reuteri may reduce crying time in breastfed babies with colic. Results are promising but not conclusive. Talk to your pediatrician before giving your baby probiotics.
Herbal Remedies
Fennel, chamomile, and similar herbal drinks have limited documentation. Some may also contain substances that are not safe for infants. Avoid giving the baby herbal drinks without consulting your doctor.
Chiropractic and Osteopathy
There is insufficient scientific evidence that chiropractic or osteopathy helps with colic. Some parents report improvement, but this may be because colic naturally subsides over time.
According to pediatric guidelines, there is currently no medication with documented effectiveness against colic. Reassuring parents and providing practical advice is the most important "treatment."
When Should You Contact a Doctor?
Colic is harmless, but it's important to rule out other causes of prolonged crying. Contact your pediatrician if:
Contact a doctor if your baby: - Is not gaining weight as expected or eating poorly - Has a fever (temperature above 100.4°F / 38°C in infants under 3 months) - Vomits repeatedly (not normal spit-up) - Has blood in stool or unusually loose stool - Is limp, unresponsive, or difficult to wake - Has a rash or swelling - The crying suddenly changes character (piercing, penetrating in a new way) - Symptoms started after 4 months of age (then it's probably not colic) - You are worried, for any reason — parental instinct is important
The doctor can rule out cow's milk protein allergy, gastroesophageal reflux (acid reflux), and infections. These conditions can resemble colic but require a different approach.
Your pediatrician is a good first line. They can evaluate the baby, check weight and measurements, and help you distinguish between colic and other conditions.
Take Care of Yourself as a Parent
This may be the most important part of this article. Colic takes an enormous toll on parents. Hours of inconsolable crying day after day is physically and mentally exhausting — and it's completely normal to feel despair, frustration, and even anger.
It's Not Your Fault
Colic is not about you doing something wrong. You are not a bad parent because your baby cries. Many parents of colicky babies experience guilt or doubt themselves. Know that this is a temporary phase.
Ask for Help
- Share the responsibility with your partner, grandparents, or friends. Relief is not a luxury — it's a necessity.
- Take breaks. When you feel frustration getting too intense, it's perfectly okay to lay the baby safely in the crib and leave the room for a few minutes to breathe.
- Talk to someone. Your pediatrician, midwife, friends, or other parents who have experienced colic. You don't have to go through this alone.
- Lower your standards. The house doesn't need to be tidy. Dinner can be sandwiches. The only thing that matters right now is getting through this period.
Important: Never shake a baby. If you feel you're losing control, lay the baby safely in the crib and leave the room. Call a friend, partner, or your doctor. Shaking an infant can cause severe brain damage (shaken baby syndrome). It is always better to let the baby cry safely in the crib for a few minutes than to risk harming the child. Call a crisis helpline if you need someone to talk to.
Sleep and Rest
Try to sleep when the baby sleeps. This is easier said than done, but sleep deprivation makes everything worse. Using a sleep tracker can help you find the best windows for your own rest.
Postpartum Depression
Prolonged stress from colic can increase the risk of postpartum depression in both parents. If you feel persistently down, hopeless, or have thoughts that you can't handle parenthood, talk to your doctor.
Frequently Asked Questions
How long does colic last?
Colic typically lasts from 2–3 weeks of age to 3–4 months of age. Most babies (about 90%) are symptom-free within 12 weeks. In rare cases, it can last until 6 months of age.
Can colic be prevented?
There is no sure way to prevent colic. Good feeding position, regular burping, and calm surroundings may possibly reduce the risk, but many babies develop colic regardless of what parents do.
Is colic the same as gas pain?
Not necessarily. Many colicky babies have a lot of gas, but it's unclear whether the gas causes the crying or results from the baby swallowing air during crying. Tummy massage and burping can still help.
Should I switch to a special formula?
Talk to your pediatrician first. Frequent switching of formula is not recommended. If cow's milk protein allergy is suspected, the doctor may prescribe a hydrolysate-based formula.
Can colic cause lasting problems?
No. Colic does not cause any lasting physical or psychological damage to the child. Babies who have had colic develop completely normally. Studies have not shown an increased risk of stomach problems or behavioral difficulties later in life.
Does driving in the car help?
Many parents find that steady movement, like car rides or stroller walks, can calm the baby. The steady vibration and engine sound function as a form of white noise. It can be a useful tool on the worst evenings, but don't make it a habit that's impossible to sustain.
Is the baby in pain?
Colic likely involves discomfort, but it's not the same as pain in the way we know it. The baby is not comfortable during crying episodes but is not harmed by them.
Is there a test or diagnosis for colic?
No. There is no blood test for colic. The diagnosis is made by the doctor ruling out other causes of crying (infection, reflux, cow's milk protein allergy) and seeing that the child is otherwise healthy and gaining weight normally. Wessel's criteria and Rome IV criteria are used as guidance.
Can colic come back after it has resolved?
It's unusual. Once colic resolves (usually by 4–5 months of age), it rarely returns. If the baby suddenly starts crying a lot again after a symptom-free period, a doctor should evaluate other causes such as ear infection, urinary tract infection, or reflux.
Is colic worse in the evening?
Yes, most parents find that crying is worst in the afternoon and evening, typically between 5 PM and 11 PM. One theory is that the baby is overstimulated after a long day. Mornings are usually calmer.
Colic Week by Week — Typical Course
Here's an overview of what you can expect during the colic period:
| Age | What Happens | What You Can Do |
|---|---|---|
| 0–2 weeks | Baby is a newborn. Crying is normal, but not a colic pattern yet | Focus on feeding, rest, and adjustment |
| 2–3 weeks | Colic may start. Crying episodes become longer and more intense | Try carrying, white noise, and the colic hold |
| 4–6 weeks | Crying intensifies. Often the worst period | Build a "comfort toolkit." Ask for help |
| 6–8 weeks | Peak of colic for many babies. Longest crying episodes | Hold on. Use all available resources and take breaks |
| 8–10 weeks | Many notice gradual improvement. Shorter crying episodes | Continue with what works. Be patient |
| 10–12 weeks | Clear improvement for most | Enjoy the calmer evenings |
| 3–4 months | Colic is over for about 90% of babies | If crying continues, contact your pediatrician |
| 4–5 months | Colic is over for nearly all babies | If symptoms persist, further evaluation should be considered |
Colic often starts when the baby is a few weeks old and stops by 4–5 months of age. If symptoms continue beyond 4 months or the baby develops other symptoms, a medical evaluation is necessary.
You are in the middle of one of the hardest phases of parenthood. But you'll get through it. Every day that passes is one day closer to the end of colic. Your baby doesn't need a perfect parent — just one who is there.
Sources and References
- AAP. "Colic in Infants." aap.org
- Mayo Clinic. "Colic — Symptoms and Causes." mayoclinic.org
- ESPGHAN (European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition). Guidelines for colic, 2023.
